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The United States and the Republic of Kazakhstan established diplomatic relations on December 16, 1991. Since 1991, the U.S.-Kazakhstan bilateral relationship has been constructive and comprehensive. The United States was a critical player in assisting Kazakhstan get rid of its strategic nuclear weapons stockpile and dismantle its nuclear weapons infrastructure between 1991 and 1996 through the provision of Nunn-Lugar Comprehensive Threat Reduction (CTR) assistance. Between 1992 and 2008, cumulative (CTR assistance ) to Kazakhstan has amounted to $341 million. At the "2012 Seoul Nuclear Security Summit" in March 2012, (Presidents Obama and Nazarbayev reaffirmed ) bilateral cooperation in the areas of nuclear nonproliferation. President Obama went on to say, "The close relationship between our two countries extends beyond just the nuclear security issue, so this meeting will give us an opportunity to discuss the cooperation that we have built over the last several years with respect to Afghanistan and the help we've received in supplying our troops and helping to assist the Afghan government." In addition to nuclear nonproliferation, the U.S. and Kazakhstan maintain strategic economic and political relations. The U.S. oil company, Chevron, became the first major investor in Kazakhstan in 1993 with the establishment of the TengizChevroil joint venture. Through the Bolashak Program, Kazakh students study overseas. Currently, there are over 3,000 (Bolashak ) students around the world of which 800 are studying in 42 universities throughout the United States. Cooperation strengthened after the September 11, 2001 attacks as the United States sought strategic partners near Afghanistan, and later near Iraq, nations whose governments aided and abetted terrorism in both Kazakhstan and the United States. Counter-terrorism plays an increasingly important role in Kazakhstan's relations with the United States and the United Kingdom,〔(Running A Huge Risk ) Center for Defense Information〕 which are at an all time high.〔(Joint Statement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Kazakhstan ) The White House〕 Kazakhstan has taken Uzbekistan's place as the favored partner in Central Asia for both Russia and the United States in the New Great Game.〔Boris Shiryayev, Großmächte auf dem Weg zur neuen Konfrontation?. Das "Great Game" am Kaspischen Meer: eine Untersuchung der neuen Konfliktlage am Beispiel Kasachstan, Verlag Dr. Kovac: Hamburg 2008〕〔(Five Years After 9/11: Crackdowns loom behind Central Asia's War On Terror ) RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty〕〔(Kazakhstan: President looks to build on alliance with Putin ) RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty〕〔(U.S. envoy touts Kazakhstan's post-Soviet advances ) SignOnSanDiego〕 According to the 2012 U.S. Global Leadership Report, 28% of Kazakhs approve of U.S. leadership, with 27% disapproving and 45% uncertain.〔(U.S. Global Leadership Project Report - 2012 ) ''Gallup''〕 On July 8–10, 2013 Kazakhstani Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov paid an official visit to the United States and held meetings with Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, Secretary of Energy Ernest Moniz, National Security Adviser Susan Rice, Deputy National Security Adviser Anthony Blinken, U.S. Trade Representative Michael Froman, and Deputy Secretary of State William Burns. In his talks with high ranking U.S. officials the two sides highlighted the robust and growing bilateral ties between Kazakhstan and the United States and reaffirmed their commitment to further deepen the strategic partnership.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/07/211796.htm )〕 Minister Idrissov spoke on the phone with U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry on July 11, 2013.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.kazakhembus.com/article/minister-idrissov-spoke-with-secretary-kerry )〕 During their conversation, Secretary Kerry thanked Kazakhstan for its contributions to the stabilization of Afghanistan including support for the Afghan National Security Forces and the social and economic reconstruction of the country.〔 He also praised the leadership of Kazakhstan in the region, stressing the leading role of Kazakhstan in the field of nuclear disarmament.〔 Secretary Kerry expressed gratitude to Kazakhstan for hosting two rounds of international negotiations on Iran's nuclear program in Almaty.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/US-thanks-Kazakhstan-for-Iranian-nuclear-talks-20976/ )〕 Prior to Minister Idrissov's July 2013 visit, the Kazakhstani Embassy in Washington, DC published an infographic on (Kazakhstan-US Relations ) highlighting key areas of bilateral cooperation. In mid April 2015, the Obama administration finalized a review of its policy towards Central Asia and prepared the main pillars of the US "Enduring Vision for Central Asia" in a series of speeches of top officials: Richard E. Hoagland, Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, Nisha Desai Biswal, Assistant Secretary of State, Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs, and Anthony Blinken, Deputy Secretary of State.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://csis.org/publication/vision-shared-prosperity-central-asia )〕 All the officials emphasized that U.S. interest in Central Asia was enduring, not transitory with the main focus on the pursuit of economic development.〔 The new Central Asian strategy declared by the Obama administration in April 2015 is designed to advance U.S. interests in Eurasia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://thediplomat.com/2015/06/realizing-obamas-eurasian-vision%E2%80%A8/ )〕 The strategy has three main goals: strengthening security partnerships, forging closer economic ties; and advancing governance and human rights.〔 The main emphasis of the policy lies on Kazakhstan as the region's economic powerhouse.〔 The United States Department of State is critical of the human rights situation in Kazakhstan, highlighting significant problems and abuses in its annual country report.〔 ==Strategic Partnership Dialogue== The Strategic Partnership Dialogue is a bilateral dialogue between Kazakhstan and the United States covering wide-ranging discussions on bilateral and regional issues. The first SPD was held in Washington on April 9–10, 2012;〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rmks/2012/187700.htm )〕 the second was held in Washington on July 9, 2013. Kazakhstan Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov and U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry are the co-chairs the Strategic Partnership Dialogue.〔 Ambassador Kairat Umarov provided an update to the SPD in a March 24, 2014 (opinion piece ) in The Astana Times titled ''Kazakhstan-U.S. Strategic Partnership on the Rise''. The second bilateral Strategic Partnership Dialogue talks yielded agreement for continued cooperation on a range of issues: 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kazakhstan–United States relations」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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